Queensland Alumina, jedna z najv\u00e4\u010d\u0161\u00edch svetov\u00fdch rafin\u00e9ri\u00ed oxidu hlinit\u00e9ho, sa nach\u00e1dza v Parsons Point, South Trees a Gladstone v Austr\u00e1lii a z\u00e1sobuje spolo\u010dnos\u0165 Boyne Smelters Limited, ako aj \u010fal\u0161ie hlinik\u00e1rne, ktor\u00e9 potrebuj\u00fa surov\u00fd oxid hlinit\u00fd. Spolo\u010dnos\u0165 Rio Tinto vlastn\u00ed 80%, zatia\u013e \u010do Rusal vlastn\u00ed 20% v tomto zariaden\u00ed.<\/p>\n
Austr\u00e1lske org\u00e1ny ned\u00e1vno uvalili sankcie na rusk\u00fdch oligarchov Olega Deripasku a Viktora Vekselberga, \u010do malo nepriazniv\u00fd vplyv na ich vlastn\u00edctvo spolo\u010dnosti Queensland Alumina Ltd (QAL).<\/p>\n
Bauxit je prim\u00e1rnou surovinou na v\u00fdrobu oxidu hlinit\u00e9ho a kovov\u00e9ho hlin\u00edka. Pozost\u00e1va predov\u0161etk\u00fdm z miner\u00e1lov gibsitu, boehmitu a diasp\u00f3ru a obsahuje vysok\u00e9 koncentr\u00e1cie oxidu hlinit\u00e9ho (Al2O3), ako aj kremi\u010ditanov\u00fdch miner\u00e1lov - tvor\u00ed a\u017e 90 % hmotnosti celkov\u00e9ho obsahu oxidu hlinit\u00e9ho a pribli\u017ene 30 % kremi\u010ditanov\u00fdch miner\u00e1lov.<\/p>\n
Bauxit sa vyskytuje na celom svete v tropickom podneb\u00ed, zvy\u010dajne na \u010derven\u00fdch \u00edlovit\u00fdch p\u00f4dach, ktor\u00e9 pokr\u00fdvaj\u00fa karbon\u00e1tov\u00e9 horniny. Pri \u0165a\u017ebe bauxitu sa vo v\u0161eobecnosti pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00fa met\u00f3dy otvoren\u00e9ho rezu z povrchov\u00fdch lo\u017e\u00edsk v bl\u00edzkosti pobre\u017en\u00fdch \u00fazem\u00ed; v roku 2017 bola najv\u00e4\u010d\u0161\u00edm producentom Austr\u00e1lia, kde sa vy\u0165a\u017eilo 31 mili\u00f3nov ton.<\/p>\n
Bauxit pln\u00ed mnoho funkci\u00ed. Ako hlavn\u00e1 surovina na v\u00fdrobu kovov\u00e9ho hlin\u00edka sl\u00fa\u017ei na mno\u017estvo aplik\u00e1ci\u00ed vr\u00e1tane toho, \u017ee je hlavnou zlo\u017ekou, ktor\u00e1 umo\u017e\u0148uje v\u00fdrobu oxidu hlinit\u00e9ho, a vyu\u017e\u00edva sa pri v\u00fdrobe cementu, \u017eiaruvzdorn\u00e9ho bauxitu a v chemickej v\u00fdrobe. Bauxit sa pou\u017e\u00edva aj na v\u00fdrobu br\u00fasnych materi\u00e1lov, ako aj ako s\u00fa\u010das\u0165 oh\u0148ovzdorn\u00fdch stavebn\u00fdch materi\u00e1lov.<\/p>\n
Vyu\u017e\u00edvanie bauxitu na v\u00fdrobu oh\u0148ovzdorn\u00fdch tkan\u00edn a materi\u00e1lov pom\u00e1ha v\u00fdrobcom sp\u013a\u0148a\u0165 regula\u010dn\u00e9 normy v stavebn\u00edctve a z\u00e1rove\u0148 sp\u013a\u0148a\u0165 po\u017eiadavky pr\u00e1vnych predpisov. Okrem toho jeho pou\u017eitie pom\u00e1ha pri v\u00fdrobe oh\u0148ovzdorn\u00fdch stien, panelov a izol\u00e1ci\u00ed, ktor\u00e9 pom\u00e1haj\u00fa chr\u00e1ni\u0165 budovy pred zr\u00faten\u00edm po\u010das vypuknutia po\u017eiaru.<\/p>\n
Hlin\u00edk a in\u00e9 chemik\u00e1lie z\u00edskan\u00e9 z bauxitu s\u00fa nevyhnutn\u00e9 pri v\u00fdrobe plastov, papiera, gumov\u00fdch v\u00fdrobkov a farieb\/n\u00e1terov, v\u010faka \u010domu s\u00fa cesty a dia\u013enice odolnej\u0161ie.<\/p>\n
Zne\u010distenie \u017eivotn\u00e9ho prostredia sp\u00f4soben\u00e9 \u0165a\u017ebou bauxitu je v krajin\u00e1ch, kde sa \u0165a\u017e\u00ed, najm\u00e4 v Guinei, u\u017e dlho ve\u013ek\u00fdm probl\u00e9mom. Zne\u010distenie poch\u00e1dza z vykl\u010dovania p\u00f4dy na \u00fa\u010dely \u0165a\u017eby, \u0165a\u017eby a prania bauxitu, ktor\u00e9 zne\u010dis\u0165uje vodn\u00e9 \u00fatvary, prepravy a skladovania v\u00fdrobku, ako aj zo zne\u010distenia ovzdu\u0161ia v d\u00f4sledku vdychovania prachu hlboko do d\u00fdchac\u00edch ciest.<\/p>\n
Zne\u010distenie sp\u00f4soben\u00e9 \u0165a\u017ebou bauxitu v\u00e1\u017ene ohrozuje biodiverzitu a vo\u013ene \u017eij\u00face \u017eivo\u010d\u00edchy. Vykl\u010dovanie p\u00f4dy na \u0165a\u017ebu m\u00e1 za n\u00e1sledok stratu biotopov, po\u0161kodzovanie stromov a tr\u00e1vnat\u00fdch pl\u00f4ch na ceste, zatia\u013e \u010do \u0165a\u017eba a spracovanie bauxitu men\u00ed chemick\u00e9 zlo\u017eenie p\u00f4dy a nar\u00fa\u0161a jej ekosyst\u00e9m.<\/p>\n
Austr\u00e1lia je druh\u00fdm najv\u00e4\u010d\u0161\u00edm producentom a v\u00fdvozcom oxidu hlinit\u00e9ho na svete, pri\u010dom produkcia a v\u00fdvoz tohto nerastu prispieva do austr\u00e1lskeho n\u00e1rodn\u00e9ho hospod\u00e1rstva odhadom $7-$8 mili\u00e1rd eur ro\u010dne. Produkcia oxidu hlinit\u00e9ho prispieva ka\u017edoro\u010dne pribli\u017ene $9 - $11 miliardami ako surovina pre hlinik\u00e1rne a vyu\u017e\u00edva sa aj ako keramick\u00fd pigment, plnivo do plastov alebo katalyz\u00e1tor pre fenolov\u00e9 \u017eivice ako katalyz\u00e1tor a\/alebo abraz\u00edvum.<\/p>\n
Hlin\u00edk sa vyr\u00e1ba v \u0161iestich rafin\u00e9ri\u00e1ch v z\u00e1padnej Austr\u00e1lii a Queenslande a prepravuje sa do cel\u00e9ho sveta. V roku 2022 sa v Austr\u00e1lii vyprodukovalo 20,3 mili\u00f3na ton oxidu hlinit\u00e9ho, pri\u010dom ruda vy\u0165a\u017een\u00e1 v lokalite Weipa ne\u010faleko \u010falek\u00e9ho severn\u00e9ho Queenslandu sa prepravovala po ceste a \u017eeleznici viac ako 2 000 km do rafin\u00e9rie oxidu hlinit\u00e9ho Worsley ne\u010faleko Boddingtonu, kde je proces rafin\u00e1cie poh\u00e1\u0148an\u00fd zemn\u00fdm plynom, \u010do m\u00e1 za n\u00e1sledok vysok\u00e9 \u00farovne emisi\u00ed; to podnietilo \u00fa\u010dastn\u00edkov odvetvia h\u013eada\u0165 sp\u00f4soby, ako tieto emisie zn\u00ed\u017ei\u0165.<\/p>\n
Rafin\u00e9rie pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00fa Bayerov proces na premenu bauxitu na oxid hlinit\u00fd. Po vykonan\u00ed tohto kroku sa oddel\u00ed hydroxid hlinit\u00fd a hydroxid sodn\u00fd, pri\u010dom sa prebyto\u010dn\u00fd materi\u00e1l odfiltruje a potom sa vlo\u017e\u00ed do n\u00e1dr\u017ee zn\u00e1mej ako zr\u00e1\u017ea\u010d, ktor\u00e1 obsahuje semen\u00e1 hydroxidu hlinit\u00e9ho, ktor\u00e9 stimuluj\u00fa tvorbu kry\u0161t\u00e1lov, a n\u00e1sledne sa zozbiera a vysu\u0161\u00ed, \u010d\u00edm sa z\u00edska biely pr\u00e1\u0161ok zn\u00e1my ako oxid hlinit\u00fd.<\/p>\n
Rafin\u00e9rske procesy s\u00fa zlo\u017eit\u00e9 a energeticky n\u00e1ro\u010dn\u00e9, prispievaj\u00fa a\u017e tromi percentami k ro\u010dn\u00fdm emisi\u00e1m a spotrebuj\u00fa dvakr\u00e1t viac energie ako Tasm\u00e1nia spolu. Rafin\u00e9rske spolo\u010dnosti preto h\u013eadaj\u00fa inovat\u00edvne technol\u00f3gie, ktor\u00e9 m\u00f4\u017eu zn\u00ed\u017ei\u0165 emisie a z\u00e1rove\u0148 zn\u00ed\u017ei\u0165 spotrebu energie.<\/p>\n
Ned\u00e1vno zverejnen\u00e1 spr\u00e1va agent\u00fary ARENA poskytuje pl\u00e1n na dekarboniz\u00e1ciu austr\u00e1lskych prev\u00e1dzok na rafin\u00e1ciu oxidu hlinit\u00e9ho a pon\u00faka rie\u0161enia, ktor\u00e9 by mohli zn\u00ed\u017ei\u0165 emisie pomocou obnovite\u013en\u00fdch zdrojov energie a pom\u00f4c\u0165 krajine splni\u0165 ciele nulov\u00fdch \u010dist\u00fdch emisi\u00ed uhl\u00edka zn\u00ed\u017een\u00edm emisi\u00ed uhl\u00edka.<\/p>\n
Spolo\u010dnos\u0165 Rio Tinto 13. janu\u00e1ra ozn\u00e1mila, \u017ee jej z\u00e1vody na v\u00fdrobu hlin\u00edka Yarwun a Queensland v Austr\u00e1lii vyhl\u00e1sili z\u00e1sah vy\u0161\u0161ej moci z d\u00f4vodu nedostatku zemn\u00e9ho plynu. Spolo\u010dnos\u0165 Rio prijala toto rozhodnutie po po\u017eiari v jej z\u00e1vode Dampier Salt, ktor\u00fd sp\u00f4sobil preru\u0161enie prev\u00e1dzky v z\u00e1padnej Austr\u00e1lii; uv\u00e1dza, \u017ee toto rozhodnutie m\u00e1 vplyv len na predaj tret\u00edm stran\u00e1m, a nie na jej vlastn\u00e9 oper\u00e1cie v\u00fdroby hlin\u00edka.<\/p>\n
Queensland Alumina Ltd (QAL), jedna z najv\u00e4\u010d\u0161\u00edch svetov\u00fdch rafin\u00e9ri\u00ed hlin\u00edka, je neoddelite\u013enou s\u00fa\u010das\u0165ou ekonomiky regi\u00f3nu Gladstone, pri\u010dom jej prev\u00e1dzka ka\u017edoro\u010dne prispieva sumou viac ako $153 mil. Spolo\u010dnos\u0165 QAL vyu\u017e\u00edva aj syst\u00e9m environment\u00e1lneho mana\u017e\u00e9rstva, ktor\u00fd sa sna\u017e\u00ed zni\u017eova\u0165 prev\u00e1dzkov\u00e9 a kult\u00farne rizik\u00e1 a z\u00e1rove\u0148 sp\u013a\u0148a pr\u00edsne bezpe\u010dnostn\u00e9 po\u017eiadavky.<\/p>\n
Spolo\u010dnos\u0165 QAL a region\u00e1lna rada Gladstone \u00faspe\u0161ne spolupracuj\u00fa na inovat\u00edvnom projekte, v r\u00e1mci ktor\u00e9ho sa sekund\u00e1rne vy\u010disten\u00e9 odpadov\u00e9 vody vyu\u017e\u00edvaj\u00fa ako s\u00fa\u010das\u0165 procesov rafin\u00e1cie oxidu hlinit\u00e9ho, \u010d\u00edm sa eliminuje potreba \u010derpa\u0165 megalitre sladkej vody z obmedzen\u00fdch pr\u00edrodn\u00fdch zdrojov Gladstone a v d\u00f4sledku toho sa dosahuj\u00fa v\u00fdznamn\u00e9 environment\u00e1lne, komunitn\u00e9 a hospod\u00e1rske v\u00fdhody pre Gladstone.<\/p>\n
\u00daspe\u0161nos\u0165 spolo\u010dnosti QAL pri zmier\u0148ovan\u00ed jej vplyvu na \u017eivotn\u00e9 prostredie bola ocenen\u00e1 v r\u00e1mci austr\u00e1lskej priemyselnej s\u00fa\u0165a\u017ee Greenhouse Challenge, ktor\u00e1 predstavuje nez\u00e1visl\u00e9 hodnotenie emisi\u00ed sklen\u00edkov\u00fdch plynov v austr\u00e1lskom energetickom a surovinovom sektore. Toto ocenenie vyzdvihuje \u00fasilie priemyslu o zn\u00ed\u017eenie uhl\u00edkovej stopy a podporu Austr\u00e1lie pri prechode na n\u00edzkouhl\u00edkov\u00e9 hospod\u00e1rstvo.<\/p>\n
V rafin\u00e9rii Parsons Point spolo\u010dnosti Queensland Alumina Limited (QAL) v Gladstone do\u0161lo v roku 2018 po\u010das \u00fadr\u017eby k n\u00e1hodn\u00e9mu \u00faniku \u017eierav\u00e9ho rozpra\u0161ova\u010da hydroxidu sodn\u00e9ho. Sprej sa roz\u0161\u00edril po rozsiahlej oblasti a sp\u00f4sobil rozsiahle \u0161kody na aut\u00e1ch, budov\u00e1ch a zariadeniach nach\u00e1dzaj\u00facich sa na priemyselnom predmest\u00ed South Trees.<\/p>\n
Austr\u00e1lska vl\u00e1da uvalila sankcie na rusk\u00fdch oligarchov Olega Deripasku a Viktora Vekselberga, dvoch rusko-americk\u00fdch investorov s podielmi v glob\u00e1lnom hlinik\u00e1renskom gigante Rusal. To im znemo\u017e\u0148uje prij\u00edma\u0165 dividendy alebo finan\u010dn\u00e9 v\u00fdhody z men\u0161inov\u00fdch podielov, ktor\u00e9 vlastnia v En+ Group - na burze v Lond\u00fdne k\u00f3tovanej spolo\u010dnosti, ktor\u00e1 vlastn\u00ed Rusal. Aktivisti po\u017eiadali spolo\u010dnos\u0165 Rio Tinto, aby preru\u0161ila v\u0161etky v\u00e4zby s t\u00fdmito osobami.<\/p>\n
V roku 2019 spolo\u010dnos\u0165 QAL ozn\u00e1mila, \u017ee zmenila svoje zmluvy so spolo\u010dnos\u0165ou Rusal s cie\u013eom odstr\u00e1ni\u0165 odkazy na oligarchov a ich spriaznen\u00e9 osoby v s\u00falade s pr\u00e1vnymi predpismi o sankci\u00e1ch, aby zachovala s\u00falad s predpismi bez toho, aby naru\u0161ila predaj oxidu hlinit\u00e9ho spolo\u010dnosti Rusal.<\/p>\n
Spolo\u010dnos\u0165 Rio Tinto v tla\u010dovej spr\u00e1ve ozn\u00e1mila, \u017ee jej rafin\u00e9ria Yarwun v Gladstone a z\u00e1vod na v\u00fdrobu oxidu hlinit\u00e9ho v Queenslande, ktor\u00e9 prev\u00e1dzkuje spolo\u010dne so spolo\u010dnos\u0165ou Rusal, bud\u00fa na\u010falej pracova\u0165 na pln\u00fa kapacitu, av\u0161ak na dod\u00e1vky oxidu hlinit\u00e9ho tret\u00edm stran\u00e1m bola vyhl\u00e1sen\u00e1 vy\u0161\u0161ia moc.Cie\u013eom tohto kroku je ochr\u00e1ni\u0165 hlinik\u00e1rne spolo\u010dnosti Rio pred naru\u0161en\u00edm sp\u00f4soben\u00fdm prebiehaj\u00facim konfliktom v Rusku.<\/p>\n
Spolo\u010dnos\u0165 Queensland Alumina Limited ned\u00e1vno uzavrela zmluvy s miestnou spolo\u010dnos\u0165ou Ventia na \u00fadr\u017eb\u00e1rske pr\u00e1ce v rafin\u00e9rii oxidu hlinit\u00e9ho v Gladstone. Ide o dod\u00e1vku materi\u00e1lu a multidisciplin\u00e1rnej pracovnej sily na moderniz\u00e1ciu \u010disti\u010dky odpadov\u00fdch v\u00f4d spolo\u010dnosti QAL a projektu redukcie alkalickej hmly. Rafin\u00e9ria Queensland Alumina v Gladstone je najv\u00e4\u010d\u0161ou rafin\u00e9riou v Austr\u00e1lii, ktor\u00e1 premie\u0148a dev\u00e4\u0165 mili\u00f3nov ton zvy\u0161kov bauxitu na oxid hlinit\u00fd pou\u017e\u00edvan\u00fd pri v\u00fdrobe hlin\u00edka. Po poruche zariadenia v jej prev\u00e1dzke, pri ktorej sa uvo\u013enil \u017eierav\u00fd chemick\u00fd postrek, ktor\u00fd sp\u00f4sobil leptanie karos\u00e9ri\u00ed a povrchov, najm\u00e4 t\u00fdch, ktor\u00e9 boli vyroben\u00e9 z hlin\u00edkov\u00fdch povrchov, \u010do sp\u00f4sobilo leptanie povrchov vr\u00e1tane karos\u00e9ri\u00ed vyroben\u00fdch z hlin\u00edkov\u00fdch povrchov v bl\u00edzkosti jej prev\u00e1dzky, \u010do sp\u00f4sobilo leptanie povrchov na karos\u00e9ri\u00e1ch vyroben\u00fdch z hlin\u00edkov\u00fdch povrchov v bl\u00edzkosti obyvate\u013eov v bl\u00edzkosti jej prev\u00e1dzky, bolo vydan\u00e9 ospravedlnenie.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
Queensland Alumina, one of the world’s largest alumina refineries, is situated in Parsons Point, South Trees and Gladstone in Australia […]<\/p>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"site-sidebar-layout":"default","site-content-layout":"","ast-site-content-layout":"","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"","footer-sml-layout":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"default","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-4)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"ast-content-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"footnotes":""},"categories":[3],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-744","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-knowledge"],"aioseo_notices":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/artehistoria.net\/sk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/744","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/artehistoria.net\/sk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/artehistoria.net\/sk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/artehistoria.net\/sk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/artehistoria.net\/sk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=744"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/artehistoria.net\/sk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/744\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":745,"href":"https:\/\/artehistoria.net\/sk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/744\/revisions\/745"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/artehistoria.net\/sk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=744"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/artehistoria.net\/sk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=744"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/artehistoria.net\/sk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=744"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}